Hillslope sediment fence catch efficiencies and particle sorting for post-fire rain storms     

Codie Wilson  Stephanie K. Kampf  Joseph W. Wagenbrenner  Lee H. MacDonald  Hunter Gleason 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(1):267-279

Sediment fences are often used to monitor hillslope erosion, but these can underestimate sediment yields due to overtopping of runoff and associated sediment. We modified four sediment fences to collect and measure the runoff and sediment that overtopped the fence in addition to the sediment deposited behind the fence. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine the catch efficiency of sediment fences measuring post-fire hillslope erosion; (2) assess particle sorting of sand, silt/clay, and organic matter from each hillslope through the sediment fence and subsequent runoff collection barrels; (3) evaluate how catch efficiency and particle size sorting relate to site and rainfall-runoff event characteristics; and (4) use runoff simulations to estimate sediment fence volumes for future post-fire monitoring. Catch efficiency ranged from 28 to 100% for events and 38 to 94% per site for the entire sampling season, indicating a relatively large underestimation of sediment yields by sediment fences. Most of the eroded sediment had similar proportions of sand and silt/clay as the hillslope soils, but the sediment behind the fence was significantly enriched in sand while the sediment that overtopped the fence was more strongly enriched in silt/clay. The sediment fences had capacities of 3 m³ for hillslopes of 0.19–0.43 ha, but simulations of runoff for 2- to 100-year storms indicate that the sediment fences would need a capacity of up to 240 m³ to store all of the runoff and associated sediment. More accurate measurements of sediment yields with sediment fences require either increasing the storage capacity of the sediment fence(s) to accommodate the expected volume of runoff and sediment, reducing the size of the contributing area, or directly measuring the runoff and sediment that overtop the fence. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrologic modeling of the Heihe watershed by DLBRM in Northwest China     

ChanSheng He  Carlo Demarchi  Thomas E. Croley II  Qi Feng  Tim Hunter 《寒旱区科学》2009,1(5):0432-0442

Water shortage is a chronic problem in arid Northwest China.The rapid population growth and expanding urbanization as well as potential climate change impacts are likely to worsen the situation,threatening domestic,irrigation,and industrial supplies and even the survival of the ecosystems in Northwest China.This paper describes the preliminary work of adapting the Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model(DLBRM) to the Heihe watershed(the second largest inland river in arid Northwestern China,with a drainage area of 128,000 km2) for understanding distribution of glacial-snow melt,groundwater,surface runoff,and evapotranspi-ration,and for assessing hydrological impacts of climate change and glacial recession on water supply in the middle and lower reaches of the watershed.Preliminary simulation results show that the Qilian Mountain in the upper reach area produces most runoff in the Heihe watershed.The simulated daily river flows during the period of 1990-2000 indicate that the Heihe River dis-charges about 1×109 m3 of water from the middle reach(at Zhengyixia Station) to lower reach,with surface runoff and interflow contributing 51 and 49 percent respectively.The sandy lower soil zone in the middle reach has the highest evapotranspiration rate and also contributes nearly half of the river flow.Work underway focuses on the DLBRM model improvement and incorporation of the climate change and management scenarios to the hydrological simulations in the watershed.  相似文献   

The discovery of Isocrinus cf. robustus from the Lias Group (Lower Jurassic) near Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland, Scotland     

Aaron W. Hunter  Neil D.L. Clark 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2009,120(1):76-78

A single stem section (pluricolumnal) belonging to a post-Palaeozoic crinoid (sea lily) is reported from a small outcrop of Lower Jurassic Lias Group strata exposed in low cliff near Dunrobin Castle. This is the first Jurassic crinoid recorded from Eastern Scotland and the small fragment has enough diagnostic characters to be assigned to the species Isocrinus cf. robustus; a crinoid found commonly in the Lower Jurassic of England. The Scottish form collected has unusual morphology that is atypical of the genus.  相似文献   

Experimental investigation of melt topology in partially molten quartzo-feldspathic aggregates under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic stress   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

Gleason  Bruce  & Green 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1999,17(6):705-722

Continental collision results in deep burial of crustal rocks and their subsequent partial melting. Field relations of melt along zones of intense deformation suggest that partially molten rocks may play an important role in regional tectonics. However, subsequent deformation may erase the microstructures produced by the earlier deformation mechanisms, inhibiting our understanding of the rheology of partially molten crustal rocks. Thus, in this paper, we report the results of an experimental study of the distribution of 2–5 vol% melt in quartzo-feldspathic aggregates of various grain sizes: 2–5, 5–10, 10–16 and 26–31 μm. Three types of samples were examined, all with the composition of 60 wt% albite, 25 wt% potassium feldspar, 10 wt% quartz and 5 wt% biotite. The first group included mineral powders annealed at 1000 °C, 1.0 GPa, for c. 100 h. The second group included commercially hot-pressed mineral powders which yielded c. 25 vol% glass; cores of this material were also annealed at 1000 °C, 1.0 GPa, for c. 100 h. The third group included cores of hot-pressed material that were annealed at 1000 °C, 1.0 GPa, for c. 45 h, then deformed. All samples were quenched rapidly in order to examine the melt distribution. Wetting angles are very similar in both the hydrostatically annealed and the deformed samples. Analysis of melt pool orientations reveal that melt migrates away from grain boundaries normal to the maximum compressive stress direction in response to the applied non-hydrostatic stress. This response is easily seen in the coarser-grained samples in which melt pools elongated parallel to the maximum compressive stress direction formed during deformation. If these results extrapolate to naturally deformed rocks, it will be important to consider the orientation of the state of stress in a region during syn-magmatic deformation because of its effect on the melt distribution.  相似文献   

Modeling spring-summer phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan with and without riverine nutrient loading   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Lin Luo  Jia Wang  Timothy Hunter  Dongxiao Wang  Henry A. Vanderploeg 《Ocean Dynamics》2017,67(11):1481-1494

There were two phytoplankton blooms captured by remote sensing in Lake Michigan in 1998, one from March to May, and one during June. In this paper, those phytoplankton blooms were simulated by a coupled physical–biological model, driven by observed meteorological forcing in 1998. The model reasonably reproduced the lake currents. The biological model results, with and without riverine nutrient loading, were compared with the remote sensing data. A 3-month-long donut-like phytoplankton bloom that appeared in southern Lake Michigan was reasonably well simulated only when riverine input was included, indicating the importance of riverine nutrient input for supporting the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Michigan. The model with riverine input also captured a second event-driven phytoplankton bloom during June with weaker magnitude that occurred in mid-south Lake Michigan, which lasted for about 20 days. The major reason for the weaker bloom in June was that vertical mixing in the hydrodynamic model was too weak (leading to a mixed-layer depth of 20 m) to bring the bottom nutrient-rich water up to the epilimnion. High chlorophyll concentration that persisted in Green Bay for almost a year was simulated with less intensity.  相似文献   

The geochemical nature of the Archean Ancient Gneiss Complex and Granodiorite Suite,Swaziland: a preliminary study     

D.R. Hunter  F. Barker 《Precambrian Research》1978,7(2):105-127

The Ancient Gneiss Complex (AGC) of Swaziland, an Archean gray gneiss complex, lies southeast and south of the Barberton greenstone belt and includes the most structurally complex and highly metamorphosed portions of the eastern Kaapvaal craton. The AGC is not precisely dated but apparently is older than 3.4 Ga.The AGC consists of three major units: (a) a bimodal suite of closely interlayered siliceous, low-K gneisses and metabasalt; (b) homogeneous tonalite gneiss; and (c) interlayered siliceous microcline gneiss, metabasalt, and minor metasedimentary rocks — termed the metamorphite suite. A geologically younger gabbro-diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite suite, the Granodiorite Suite, is spatially associated with the AGC and intrusive into it.The bimodal suite consists largely of two types of low-K siliceous gneiss: one has SiO₂ < 75%, Al₂O₃ > 14%, low Rb/Sr ratios, and depleted heavy rare earth elements (REE's); the other has SiO₂ > 75%, Al₂O₃ < 13%, high Rb/Sr ratios, and relatively abundant REE's except for negative Eu anomalies. The interlayered metabasalt ranges from komatiitic to tholeiitic compositions. Lenses of quartz monzonitic gneiss of K₂O/Na₂O close to 1 form a minor part of the bimodal suite. Tonalitic to trondhjemitic migmatite locally is abundant and has major-element abundances similar to those of non-migmatitic varieties.The siliceous gneisses of the metamorphic suite show low Al₂O, K₂O/Na₂O ratios of about 1, high Rb/Sr ratios, moderate REE abundances and negative Eu anomalies.K/Rb ratios of siliceous gneisses of the bimodal suite are very low (～130); of the tonalitic gneiss, low (～225); of the siliceous gneiss of the metamorphite suite, moderate (～300); and of the Granodiorite Suite, high (～400).Rocks of the AGC differ geochemically in several ways from the siliceous volcanic and hypabyssal rocks of the Upper Onverwacht Group and from the diapirs of tonalite and trondhjemite that intrude the Swaziland Group.  相似文献   

Holocene valley-floor deposition and incision in a small drainage basin in western Colorado, USA     

Lawrence S. Jones  Margaret Rosenburg  Kathleen McKee  Jenna Hunter 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(2):199-206

The valley floor of a 33.9 km² watershed in western Colorado experienced gradual sedimentation from before ∼ 6765 to ∼ 500 cal yr BP followed by deep incision, renewed aggradation, and secondary incision. In contrast, at least four terraces and widespread cut-and-fill architecture in the valley floor downstream indicate multiple episodes of incision and deposition occurred during the same time interval. The upper valley fill history is atypical compared to other drainages in the Colorado Plateau.One possible reason for these differences is that a bedrock canyon between the upper and lower valley prevented headward erosion from reaching the upper valley fill. Another possibility is that widespread, sand-rich, clay-poor lithologies in the upper drainage limited surface runoff and generally favored alluviation, whereas more clay-rich lithologies in the lower drainage resulted in increased surface runoff and more frequent incision. Twenty-two dates from valley fill charcoal indicate an approximate forest fire recurrence interval of several hundred years, similar to that from other studies in juniper-piñon woodlands. Results show that closely spaced vertical sampling of alluvium in headwater valleys where linkages between hillslope processes and fluvial activity are relatively direct can provide insight about the role of fires in alluvial chronologies of semi-arid watersheds.  相似文献   

Examination of core samples from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Effects of retrieval and preservation     

Timothy J. Kneafsey  Hailong LuWilliam Winters  Ray BoswellRobert Hunter  Timothy S. Collett 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2011,28(2):381-393

Collecting and preserving undamaged core samples containing gas hydrates from depth is difficult because of the pressure and temperature changes encountered upon retrieval. Hydrate-bearing core samples were collected at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well in February 2007. Coring was performed while using a custom oil-based drilling mud, and the cores were retrieved by a wireline. The samples were characterized and subsampled at the surface under ambient winter arctic conditions. Samples thought to be hydrate bearing were preserved either by immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN), or by storage under methane pressure at ambient arctic conditions, and later depressurized and immersed in LN. Eleven core samples from hydrate-bearing zones were scanned using x-ray computed tomography to examine core structure and homogeneity. Features observed include radial fractures, spalling-type fractures, and reduced density near the periphery. These features were induced during sample collection, handling, and preservation. Isotopic analysis of the methane from hydrate in an initially LN-preserved core and a pressure-preserved core indicate that secondary hydrate formation occurred throughout the pressurized core, whereas none occurred in the LN-preserved core, however no hydrate was found near the periphery of the LN-preserved core. To replicate some aspects of the preservation methods, natural and laboratory-made saturated porous media samples were frozen in a variety of ways, with radial fractures observed in some LN-frozen sands, and needle-like ice crystals forming in slowly frozen clay-rich sediments. Suggestions for hydrate-bearing core preservation are presented.  相似文献   

Obtaining Earth surface gravity disturbances from a GPS-based 'high-low' satellite-to-satellite tracking experiment     

D. M. Gleason 《Geophysical Journal International》1991,107(1):13-23

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Zero graffiti for a beautiful city: the cultural politics of urban space in San Francisco   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hunter Shobe  David Banis 《Urban geography》2013,34(4):586-607

San Francisco, like many cities in the United States and across the world, has an official zero-tolerance policy on graffiti. In this article, we examine the academic literature concerned with graffiti and then present a case study of zero-tolerance abatement policies in San Francisco. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, zero-tolerance policy stimulates an anti-graffiti industry with vested interest in perpetuating an endless war for control of public space. Second, zero tolerance may generate an unintended result—the proliferation of tags and other forms of graffiti that people tend to dislike the most. Third, we find little evidence that the general public shares the same desire for zero tolerance as the San Francisco Government. Ultimately, we believe that more nuanced readings of graffiti allow greater numbers of people to make sensible, local, place-specific policies regarding graffiti.  相似文献